Biopharmaceutical water is usually produced by distillation, ion exchange, RO or other reasonable technologies, and there is not addtives in the permeate water at all..

We usually use the following three technologies to produce purified water:

Two stage RO

One stage RO + mixed bed(demineralization)

One stage RO + EDI

                              

 One Stage RO

Natural osmosis occurs when a semi-permeable membrane separates two fluids of different salinity. The fluid with the lower salinity will pass through the membrane until the salt solution becomes equal on both sides of the membrane.

Reverse osmosis （RO）is the reverse of normal osmosis process，it occurs when the water is forced by pressure from higher salinity solution to permeated water side across a semi-permeable membrane，the memebrane allows the passage of water, but not impurities, organics, ions etc. The rejection rate can usually reach above 97％, and the highest will reach 99.8％

The contaminants such as inorganic salt, bacterias,virus, glucides,amino acid will be removed through RO system. Therefore to get ideal purified water.

We use the membrane elements ESPA series from Hydranautics Company featuring high performance, ultra low pressure needs, high productivity and energy savings. 4 inches and 8 inches elements have been frenquently used.

 

 The operating conditions of One Stage RO system

 

 Mixed Bed （Ion Exchange）

Mixed Bed Demineralization: Cation and Anion resins can be precisely mixed together in a single vessel to produce a very high quality water by the many ion exchange reactions that continually occur as the water passes through the Mixed Bed of resins. The Ratio of Cation to Anion is usually 2:1.Cation resin exchanges hydrogen (H+) for cations (i.e. Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+), while anion resin exchanges hydroxyl (OH-) for anions (i.e. HCO3－,SO42-,CL-). Hydrogen and hydroxide combine to form water, thereby purifying the incoming water.

 

Operating conditions

 

Specifications